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American philanthropic organisation

The Rockefeller Foundation
The Rockefeller Foundation Logo.png
Founded May 14, 1913; 108 years ago  (1913-05-14)
Founders John D. Rockefeller
John D. Rockefeller Jr.
Frederick Taylor Gates
Type Non-operating individual foundation
(IRS exemption status): 501(c)(iii)[1]
Location
  • 420 Fifth Avenue, New York City, New York, U.S.
Method Endowment

Cardinal people

 Rajiv Shah
(president)
Endowment $4.i billion (2016)[2]
Website rockefellerfoundation.org

The Rockefeller Foundation is an American private foundation based at 420 5th Avenue, New York Metropolis.[3] It was established by the Rockefeller family in New York State on May 14, 1913, when its lease was formally accepted by the New York State Legislature.[iv] The foundation was started by Standard Oil co-founder John D. Rockefeller ("Senior"), along with his son John D. Rockefeller Jr. ("Junior"), and Senior'due south principal business organisation and philanthropic advisor, Frederick Taylor Gates.

As of 2015, the foundation was ranked every bit the 39th largest U.S. foundation by total giving.[v] By the terminate of 2016, assets were tallied at $4.1 billion (unchanged from 2015), with annual grants of $173 million.[6]

Co-ordinate to the OECD, the foundation provided United states of america$103.8 million for development in 2019.[7]

Leadership [edit]

On January 5, 2017, the board of trustees announced the selection of Dr. Rajiv Shah to serve as the 13th president of the foundation.[8] Shah became the youngest person, at 43,[nine] and first Indian-American to serve as president of the foundation.[10] He causeless the position March 1, succeeding Judith Rodin who served as president for nearly twelve years and announced her retirement, at age 71, in June 2016.[11] A former president of the University of Pennsylvania, Rodin was the first adult female to head the foundation.[12] Rodin in turn had succeeded Gordon Conway in 2005.

Ancestry [edit]

John D Rockefeller commencement had the notion to gear up a large-scale foundation in 1901, simply it was non until 1906 that Senior'southward business organisation and philanthropic counselor, Frederick Taylor Gates, seriously revived the idea, saying that Rockefeller'southward fortune was rolling up and then fast his heirs would "dissipate their inheritances or get intoxicated with ability", unless he set up "permanent corporate philanthropies for the adept of Mankind".[13]

In 1906, the Russell Sage Foundation was established, though its programme was express to working women and social ills. Rockefeller's would thus not exist the first foundation in America (Benjamin Franklin was the first to introduce the concept), but it brought to an international scale and scope. In 1909 he signed over 73,000 shares of Standard Oil of New Jersey, valued at $50 million, to the three countdown trustees, Junior, Gates and Harold Fowler McCormick, the offset installment of a projected $100 1000000 endowment.[thirteen]

They applied for a federal lease for the foundation in the US Senate in 1910, with at ane stage Junior even secretly coming together with President William Howard Taft, through the aegis of Senator Nelson Aldrich, to hammer out concessions.[ citation needed ] Still, because of the ongoing (1911) antitrust arrange confronting Standard Oil at the time, along with deep suspicion in some quarters of undue Rockefeller influence on the spending of the endowment, the result was that Senior and Gates withdrew the bill from Congress in order to seek a state charter.[13]

On May 14, 1913, New York Governor William Sulzer approved a state charter for the foundation with Junior condign the beginning president. With its big-scale endowment, a large part of Senior's fortune was insulated from inheritance taxes.[thirteen]

Early grants and connections [edit]

The beginning secretary of the foundation was Jerome Davis Greene, the erstwhile secretary of Harvard University, who wrote a "memorandum on principles and policies" for an early on coming together of the trustees that established a rough framework for the foundation's work. On Dec 5, the Board made its first grant of $100,000 to the American Red Cross to buy belongings for its headquarters in Washington, D.C.[fourteen] At the kickoff the foundation was global in its approach and concentrated in its first decade entirely on the sciences, public health and medical education.

It was initially located within the family role at Standard Oil'southward headquarters at 26 Broadway, later (in 1933) shifting to the GE Building (then RCA), along with the newly named family office, Room 5600, at Rockefeller Heart; later on it moved to the Time-Life Building in the center, earlier shifting to its current Fifth Avenue accost.

In 1913, the foundation fix the International Health Commission (later Board), the commencement appropriation of funds for work outside the U.s.a., which launched the foundation into international public health activities. This expanded the piece of work of the Germ-free Committee worldwide, working against various diseases in fifty-2 countries on six continents and twenty-nine islands, bringing international recognition of the need for public health and ecology sanitation. Its early on field enquiry on hookworm, malaria, and yellow fever provided the basic techniques to command these diseases and established the pattern of modernistic public health services.[15]

The commission established and endowed the school of Hygiene and Public Health, at Johns Hopkins University, and after at Harvard, and so spent more than $25 million in developing other public wellness schools in the US and in 21 foreign countries – helping to constitute America every bit the world leader in medicine and scientific inquiry. In 1913, it also began a 20-yr support program of the Bureau of Social Hygiene, whose mission was research and didactics on birth control, maternal health and sex didactics.

Europe [edit]

In the interwar years, the Foundation's back up of public health, nursing, and social work in Eastern and Primal Europe was a full-bodied attempt to advance medicine and create a global network of medical enquiry.[16] Later World War 2 it sent a team to West Germany to investigate how it could become involved in reconstructing the country. They focused on restoring democracy, specially regarding education and scientific research, with the long-term goal of reintegrating Germany into the Western globe.[17]

Although the United States never joined the League of Nations, American philanthropies came heavily involved, particularly the Rockefeller Foundation. It fabricated major grants designed to build up the technical expertise of the leak staff. Ludovic Tournès said that past the 1930s the foundations had changed the League from a "Parliament of Nations" to a modern retrieve tank that used specialized expertise to provide in-depth impartial analysis of international issues.[18]

Communist china Medical Board [edit]

In 1914, the foundation prepare the Communist china Medical Board, which established the beginning public wellness university in China, the Peking Union Medical Higher, in 1921; this was later on nationalized when the Communists took over the country in 1949. In the aforementioned yr it began a plan of international fellowships to railroad train scholars at many of the world'south universities at the mail service-doctoral level; a fundamental commitment to the education of time to come leaders.

Department of Industrial Relations [edit]

Also in 1914, the trustees set up up a new Section of Industrial Relations, inviting William Lyon Mackenzie Male monarch to head it. He became a close and key advisor to Junior through the Ludlow Massacre, turning around his attitude to unions; however the foundation's involvement in IR was criticized for advancing the family unit's business organisation interests.[19] The foundation henceforth confined itself to funding responsible organizations involved in this and other controversial fields, which were beyond the control of the foundation itself.[twenty]

Psychiatry [edit]

During the late-1920s, the Rockefeller Foundation created the Medical Sciences Division, which emerged from the one-time Partition of Medical Education. The division was led by Dr. Richard Grand. Pearce until his decease in 1930, to which Alan Gregg succeeded him until 1945.[21] During this period, the Partitioning of Medical Sciences was known for making large contributions to research across several fields of psychiatry. The 1930s was one of the near prominent decades in Rockefeller Foundation philanthropy to psychiatric research, as the foundation set a goal to find, railroad train, and encourage scholars for research and practice.[22] One of the first large contributions from the Foundation to psychiatric research was in 1935, with the cribbing of $100000 to the Plant for Psychoanalysis in Chicago.[23] This grant was renewed in 1938, with payments extending into the early-1940s.[24]

[edit]

Through the Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial (LSRM), established past Senior in 1918 and named after his married woman, the Rockefeller fortune was for the showtime fourth dimension directed to supporting research by social scientists. During its outset few years of piece of work, the LSRM awarded funds primarily to social workers, with its funding decisions guided primarily by Junior. In 1922, Beardsley Ruml was hired to direct the LSRM, and he most decisively shifted the focus of Rockefeller philanthropy into the social sciences, stimulating the founding of academy research centers, and creating the Social Science Research Council. In January 1929, LSRM funds were folded into the Rockefeller Foundation, in a major reorganization.[25]

Junior became the foundation chairman in 1917. One of the many prominent trustees of the institution since has been C. Douglas Dillon, the United States Secretary of the Treasury under both Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson.

Eugenics and Nazi racial studies [edit]

Outset in 1930, the Rockefeller Foundation provided financial back up to the Kaiser Wilhelm Plant of Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics,[26] which after inspired and conducted eugenics experiments in Nazi Frg.

The Rockefeller Foundation funded Nazi racial studies even after it was clear that this research was being used to rationalize the demonizing of Jews and other groups. Up until 1939, the Rockefeller Foundation was funding research used to back up Nazi racial science studies at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology, Human being Heredity, and Eugenics (KWIA.) Reports submitted to Rockefeller did not hibernate what these studies were being used to justify. Still, Rockefeller continued the funding and refrained from criticizing this inquiry so closely derived from Nazi credo. The Rockefeller Foundation did non alert "the world to the nature of German science and the racist folly" that German anthropology promulgated. Rockefeller funded for years after the passage of the 1935 Nuremberg racial laws.[27]

The Rockefeller Foundation, along with the Carnegie Institution, was the primary financier for the Eugenics Tape Office, until 1939.[28]

Harvard International Seminars [edit]

The foundation also supported the early initiatives of Henry Kissinger, such equally his directorship of Harvard's International Seminars (funded besides by the Central Intelligence Bureau) and the early foreign policy magazine Confluence, both established past him while he was withal a graduate student.[29]

Programs: scale and telescopic [edit]

Siyuan Hall, 1923 Rockefeller Foundation donated to Nankai University in Tianjin. Now it is Nankai University School of Medicine.

Through the years the foundation has expanded greatly in scope. Historically, it has given more than $14 billion in electric current dollars[thirty] to thousands of grantees worldwide and has assisted directly in the training of nearly 13,000 Rockefeller Fellows.

Its overall philanthropic activity has been divided into 5 main subject field areas:[31]

  • Medical, health, and population sciences
  • Agricultural and natural sciences
  • Arts and humanities
  • Social sciences
  • International relations

In the 1920s, the Rockefeller Foundation started a programme to eradicate hookworm in Mexico. The plan demonstrated the time period'south confidence in science equally the solution for everything.[32] This reliance on science was known as scientific neutrality. The Rockefeller Foundation program stated that in that location was a crucial correlation between the world of scientific discipline, politics and international health policy. This heavy reliance on scientific neutrality contradicted the hookworm program'southward fundamental objective to invest in public wellness in order to develop better social conditions and to establish positive ties betwixt the United States and Mexico.[33] The Hookworm Campaign fix the terms of the relationship between United mexican states and the Rockefeller Foundation that persisted through subsequent programs including the development of a network of local public health departments. The importance of the hookworm campaign was to get a foot in the door and swiftly convince rural people of the value of public health work. The roles of the RF's hookworm campaign are characteristic of the policy paradoxes that emerge when scientific discipline is summoned to drive policy. The campaign in Mexico served every bit a policy cauldron through which new knowledge could exist demonstrated applicable to social and political problems on many levels.[34]

A major program beginning in the 1930s was the relocation of German language (Jewish) scholars from German language universities to America. This was expanded to other European countries after the Anschluss occurred; when war broke out information technology became a full-scale rescue performance. Some other programme, the Emergency Rescue Commission was also partly funded with Rockefeller coin; this try resulted in the rescue of some of the well-nigh famous artists, writers and composers of Europe. Some of the notable figures relocated or saved (out of a total of 303 scholars) by the Foundation were Thomas Isle of mann, Claude Lévi-Strauss and Leó Szilárd, enriching intellectual life and academic disciplines in the US. This came to light after through a cursory, unpublished history of the Foundation'due south plan.[35]

Another programme was its Medical Sciences Segmentation, which funded women's contraception and the human reproductive system in full general. Other funding went into endocrinology departments in American universities, human being heredity, mammalian biology, homo physiology and beefcake, psychology, and the studies of man sexual behavior by Dr. Alfred Kinsey.[36]

In 1950, the Foundation mounted a major programme of virus research, establishing field laboratories in Poona, India; Port of Espana, Trinidad; Belém, Brazil; Johannesburg, South Africa; Cairo, Egypt; Ibadan, Nigeria; and Cali, Colombia.[ citation needed ] In fourth dimension, major funding was also contributed by the countries involved, while in Trinidad the British government and neighbouring British-controlled territories as well assisted. Sub-professional staff were nigh all recruited locally and, wherever possible, local people were given scholarships and other support to be professionally trained. In most cases, locals eventually took over management of the facilities. Support was also given to inquiry on viruses in many other countries. The outcome of all this research was the identification of a huge number of viruses affecting humans, the evolution of new techniques for the rapid identification of viruses, and a quantum leap in our agreement of arthropod-borne viruses.[37]

In the arts it has helped establish or support the Stratford Shakespeare Festival in Ontario, Canada, and the American Shakespeare Festival in Stratford, Connecticut; Arena Stage in Washington, D.C.; Karamu House in Cleveland, Ohio; and Lincoln Eye for the Performing Arts in New York. In a recent shift[ when? ] in plan emphasis, President Rodin eliminated the division that spent money on the arts, the creativity and culture program. Ane program that signals the shift was the foundation's support as the underwriter of Spike Lee's documentary on New Orleans, When the Levees Bankrupt. The film has been used as the basis for a curriculum on poverty, developed past the Teachers College at Columbia University for their students.[38]

Many scientists and scholars from all over the world take received foundation fellowships and scholarships for advanced study in major scientific disciplines. In addition, the foundation has provided pregnant and often substantial enquiry grants to finance conferences and assist with published studies, besides every bit funding departments and programs, to a vast range of foreign policy and educational organizations, including:[ citation needed ]

  • Council on Foreign Relations (CFR) – Especially the notable 1939-45 State of war and Peace Studies that brash the U.s.a. State Department and the US government on Globe War Two strategy and forwards planning
  • Regal Institute of International Diplomacy (RIIA) in London
  • Carnegie Endowment for International Peace in Washington – Support of the diplomatic training program
  • Brookings Institution in Washington – Significant funding of research grants in the fields of economic and social studies
  • World Depository financial institution in Washington – Helped finance the training of foreign officials through the Economical Development Establish
  • Harvard University – Grants to the Center for International Affairs and medical, business concern and administration Schools
  • Yale University – Substantial funding to the Institute of International Studies
  • Princeton Academy – Office of Population Enquiry
  • Columbia Academy – Establishment of the Russia Establish
  • University of the Philippines, Los Baños – Funded research for the College of Agronomics and built an international house for foreign students
  • McGill University – The Rockefeller Foundation funded the Montreal Neurological Plant, on the request of Dr. Wilder Penfield, a Canadian neurosurgeon, who had met David Rockefeller years before
  • Library of Congress – Funded a project for photographic copies of the complete card catalogues for the world'southward fifty leading libraries
  • Bodleian Library at Oxford University – Grant for a building to house v 1000000 volumes
  • Population Council of New York – Funded fellowships
  • Social Science Inquiry Council – Major funding for fellowships and grants-in-assist
  • National Agency of Economical Research[39]
  • National Institute of Public Health of Nihon (formerly The Constitute of Public Health ( 国立公衆衛生院 , Kokuritsu Kōshū Eisei-in ) "School of Public Health"ja) in Tokyo (1938)
  • Group of Thirty – In 1978 the Foundation invited Geoffrey Bong to set up this high-powered and influential advisory group on global financial issues, whose former chairman was longtime Rockefeller associate Paul Volcker, until his death in 2019[40]
  • London School of Economics – funded research and general budget
  • University of Lyon, France – funded enquiry in natural sciences, social sciences, medicine and the new building of the medical school during the 1920s-1930s
  • The Trinidad Regional Virus Laboratory
  • The Results for Development Institute – funded the Center for Health Market place Innovations
  • Mahidol University in Thailand

Notable programs [edit]

The Rockefeller Foundation has accomplished some notable achievements, such every bit:

  • Financially supported instruction in the United States "without distinction of race, sexual practice or creed"[41]
  • Helped establish the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine in the United Kingdom;
  • Established the Johns Hopkins Schoolhouse of Public Health and Harvard School of Public Health, two of the first such institutions in the United States;[42] [43]
  • Established the School of Hygiene at the Academy of Toronto in 1927;[44]
  • Developed the vaccine to prevent yellow fever;[45] [46]
  • Helped The New School provide a haven for scholars threatened by the Nazis[47]

The foundation besides funded several infamous projects:

  • Various German eugenics programs, including the laboratory of Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer, for whom Josef Mengele worked before he went to Auschwitz.
  • The construction of the Kaiser Wilhelm Establish's Plant for Brain Inquiry with a $317,000 grant in 1929, with continuing back up for the institute'south operations under Ernst Rüdin over the next several years.[48]
  • An experiment conducted by Vanderbilt University in the 1940s where they gave 800 pregnant women radioactive iron,[49] [fifty] 751 of which were pills,[51] without their consent.[l] In a 1969 article published in the American Journal of Epidemiology, it was estimated that three children had died from the experiment.[51]

The Greenish Revolution [edit]

Agriculture was introduced to the Natural Sciences division of the foundation in the major reorganization of 1928. In 1941, the foundation gave a modest grant to Mexico for maize enquiry, in collaboration with the and so new president, Manuel Ávila Camacho. This was done after the intervention of vice-president Henry Wallace and the involvement of Nelson Rockefeller; the master intention being to stabilise the Mexican Government and derail any possible communist infiltration, in guild to protect the Rockefeller family'due south investments.[52]

Past 1943, this program, under the foundation'due south Mexican Agriculture Project, had proved such a success with the science of corn propagation and general principles of agronomy that it was exported to other Latin American countries; in 1956, the program was then taken to India; again with the geopolitical imperative of providing an antidote to communism.[52] Information technology wasn't until 1959 that senior foundation officials succeeded in getting the Ford Foundation (and later USAID, and later nonetheless, the World Bank) to sign on to the major philanthropic projection, known now to the world as the Green Revolution. It was originally conceived in 1943 every bit CIMMYT, the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center in Mexico. It also provided significant funding for the International Rice Research Institute in the Philippines. Part of the original programme, the funding of the IRRI was subsequently taken over by the Ford Foundation.[52] The International Rice Research Institute and the International Maize and Wheat Comeback Center are part of a consortium of agricultural research organizations known as CGIAR.[53]

Costing around $600 million, over l years, the revolution brought new farming technology, increased productivity, expanded ingather yields and mass fertilization to many countries throughout the world. Later information technology funded over $100 million of plant biotechnology research and trained over 4 hundred scientists from Asia, Africa and Latin America. It also invested in the production of transgenic crops, including rice and maize. In 1999, the and then president Gordon Conway addressed the Monsanto Visitor lath of directors, alert of the possible social and environmental dangers of this biotechnology, and requesting them to disavow the use of and then-chosen terminator genes;[54] the company after complied.

In the 1990s, the foundation shifted its agriculture work and emphasis to Africa; in 2006, it joined with the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation[55] in a $150 one thousand thousand attempt to fight hunger in the continent through improved agricultural productivity. In an interview marking the 100 year anniversary of the Rockefeller Foundation, Judith Rodin explained to This Is Africa that Rockefeller has been involved in Africa since their start in 3 main areas – wellness, agriculture and education, though agronomics has been and continues to be their largest investment in Africa.[56]

Bellagio Center [edit]

The foundation also owns and operates the Rockefeller Foundation Bellagio Eye in Bellagio, Italy. The Center comprises several buildings, spread across a l-acre (200,000 one thousand2) property, on the peninsula between lakes Como and Lecco in Northern Italy. The center is sometimes colloquially referred to as the Villa Serbelloni. The Villa is only one of the many buildings in which residents and conference participants are housed. The property was bequeathed to the Foundation in 1959 under the presidency of Dean Rusk (who was later to go U.South. President Kennedy'southward secretarial assistant of state). The Bellagio Middle operates both a briefing center and a residency program.[57] The residency plan is a highly competitive program to which scholars, artists, writers, musicians, scientists, policymakers and development professionals from around the world can apply to work on a project of their own choosing for a period of four weeks. The essence of the program is the synergy obtained by the interaction between people coming from the virtually diverse backgrounds. Numerous Nobel laureates, Pulitzer winners, National Book Award recipients, Prince Mahidol Accolade winners and MacArthur fellows, too equally several acting and onetime heads of Country and Authorities, have been in residence at Bellagio.

[edit]

The network is enabled by the Rockefeller Foundation for collaboration between experts and communication professionals that include grassroots/community-based and international non-governmental organizations, as well as multilateral and bilateral entities. Its involvement in AIDS prevention was based on promoting deep-rooted social changes that stalk from informed and inclusive public engagement. Still, information technology recognized that wide-scale educational campaigns focused on altering private beliefs played a critical role.

The strategy and principles linked with the network are listed below:

  • "Sustainability of social modify is more likely if the individuals and communities well-nigh afflicted own the process and content of communication."[58]
  • "Advice for social change should be empowering, horizontal (versus superlative-down), give a vocalization to the previously unheard members of the community, and be biased towards local content and buying."[58]
  • "Communities should be the agents of their own change."[58]
  • "Emphasis should shift from persuasion and the transmission of data from exterior technical experts to dialogue, argue and negotiation on issues that resonate with members of the customs."[58]
  • "Accent on outcomes should go beyond individual behaviour to social norms, policies, culture and the supporting environment."[58]

100 Resilient Cities [edit]

In Dec 2013, The Rockefeller Foundation launched the 100 Resilient Cities initiative, which was dedicated to promoting urban resilience, defined every bit "the capacity of individuals, communities, institutions, businesses, and systems within a city to survive, adapt, and abound no matter what kinds of chronic stresses and acute shocks they experience."[59]

Through its program, 100 Resilient Cities offered cities the following resources:[sixty]

  • Financial and logistical guidance for establishing an innovative new position in city government, a Chief Resilience Officeholder, who will atomic number 82 the city's resilience efforts
  • Expert support for development of a robust resilience strategy
  • Access to solutions, service providers, and partners from the private, public and NGO sectors who can assist them develop and implement their resilience strategies
  • Membership of a global network of member cities who can learn from and aid each other

A total of 100 cities beyond half dozen continents were part of the program.[61] All 100 cities developed private City Resilience Strategies with technical support from a Principal Resilience Officer (CRO), funded by the program. The CRO ideally reports direct to the city's master executive and helps coordinate all the resilience efforts in a unmarried city.

In January 2016, the U.s. Department of Housing and Urban Evolution announced winners of its National Disaster Resilience Contest (NDRC), awarding three 100RC fellow member cities – New York, NY; Norfolk, VA; and New Orleans, LA – with more than than $437 million in disaster resilience funding.[62] The grant was the largest always received by the city of Norfolk.

In April 2019, it was appear that the Rockefeller Foundation would no longer be funding the 100 Resilient Cities program as a whole. Some elements of the initiative'due south work, nigh prominently the funding of several cities' Principal Resilience Officer roles, continues to be managed and funded by the Rockefeller Foundation, while other aspects of the programme go along in the course of ii independent organizations, Resilient Cities Catalyst (RCC) and the Global Resilient Cities Network (GRCN), founded by former 100RC leadership and staff.[63] [64]

Cultural Innovation Fund [edit]

The Cultural Innovation Fund is a pilot grant program that is overseen past Lincoln Center for the Arts. The Rockefeller Foundation selected Lincoln Center to administrate the fund based on the institutions steady track tape in creating community based partnerships and implementing art based programs.[65] [66] The grants are to be used towards innovative ideas that would bring art admission and foster cultural opportunities in the underserved areas of Brooklyn and the Southward Bronx[67] with iii overarching goals.

  • Increase access to the arts in underserved neighborhoods around New York City
  • increase the "places and platforms" where cultural activities are taking place
  • support nonprofit organizations in implementing cultural based programs and strategies[66]

Family involvement [edit]

The Rockefeller family unit helped pb the foundation in its early on years, but later on limited itself to one or 2 representatives, to maintain the foundation's independence and avoid charges of undue family influence. These representatives accept included the former president John D. Rockefeller Three, and then his son John D. Rockefeller, 4, who gave up the trusteeship in 1981. In 1989, David Rockefeller'southward daughter, Peggy Dulany, was appointed to the lath for a 5-year term.

In Oct 2006, David Rockefeller, Jr. joined the board of trustees, re-establishing the direct family link and becoming the sixth family member to serve on the board. By dissimilarity, the Ford Foundation has severed all directly links with the Ford family.[ citation needed ]

Stock in the family'south oil companies had been a major role of the foundation's assets, beginning with Standard Oil and later on with its corporate descendants, including Exxon Mobil.[68] [69] [lxx] In December 2020, the foundation pledged to dump their fossil fuel holdings. With a $v billion endowment, the Rockefeller Foundation was "the largest US foundation to comprehend the speedily growing divestment movement." CNN author Matt Egan noted, "This divestment is especially symbolic considering the Rockefeller Foundation was founded by oil money."[71]

Historical legacy [edit]

The second-oldest major philanthropic institution in America, subsequently the Carnegie Corporation, the foundation's affect on philanthropy in general has been profound. It has supported Un programs throughout its history, such equally the contempo First Global Forum On Human being Development, organized by the United nations Development Program (UNDP) in 1999.[72]

The early institutions it gear up accept served as models for electric current organizations: the United nations's World Wellness Organization, set in 1948, is modeled on the International Health Sectionalization; the U.S. Regime's National Science Foundation (1950) on its approach in support of inquiry, scholarships and institutional development; and the National Establish of Health (1950) imitated its longstanding medical programs.[73]

Electric current trustees [edit]

As of June i, 2021[74]

* Admiral James G. Stavridis (chair), 2018-, retired Us Navy; Supreme Allied Commander at NATO, 2009–2013, Operating Executive, The Carlyle Group; chair of the Lath of Counselors, McLarty Associates

  • Agnes Binagwaho, 2019-, Vice-Chancellor, The University of Global Health Equity, Rwanda
  • Mellody Hobson, 2018-, President, Ariel Investments
  • Donald Kaberuka, 2015-, one-time president, African Development Banking concern Group, Rwanda Government minister of Finance and Economic Planning betwixt 1997 and 2005.
  • Martin L. Leibowitz, 2012-, Vice-chairman, Morgan Stanley Research Department'due south Global Strategy Team; formerly TIAA-CREF (1995 to 2004) and 26 years with Salomon Brothers
  • Yifei Li, 2013-, land chair, Human Grouping China
  • Ndidi Okonkwo Nwuneli, 2019-, co-founder, Sahel Consulting
  • Paul Polman, 2019-, chair, International Chamber of Commerce, The B Squad; Former CEO, Unilever
  • Sharon Percy Rockefeller, 2017-, President & CEO, WETA-TV
  • Juan Manuel Santos, 2020-, Quondam President of Colombia & Recipient of 2016 Nobel Peace Prize
  • Dr. Rajiv Shah, 2017-, President of the Foundation and ex-officio member of the lath; served equally a Rockefeller Foundation Trustee, 2015–2017; former administrator of the Usa Bureau for International Development (USAID) from 2010 to 2017.
  • Adam Argent, 2020-, Commissioner, National Basketball Association (NB)
  • Patty Stonesifer, 2019-, former President & CEO, Martha'south Table; former CEO and co-chair, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
  • Ravi Venkatesan, 2014-, sometime chairman, Bank of Baroda; former Chairman Microsoft India (2004–2011) and Cummins Bharat; Special Representative for Young People and Innovation, UNICEF

Past trustees [edit]

include:
  • Alan Alda, 1989–1994 – actor and film director.[75]
  • Winthrop W. Aldrich 1935–1951 – chairman of the Chase National Bank, 1934–1953; Ambassador to the Court of St. James, 1953–1957.
  • John W. Davis 1922–1939 – J. P. Morgan'southward private attorney; founding president of the Council on Foreign Relations.
  • C. Douglas Dillon 1960–1961 – Us Treasury Secretarial assistant, 1961–1965; member of the Council on Foreign Relations.[76]
  • Orvil E. Dryfoos 1960–1963 – publisher of The New York Times, 1961–1963.
  • Peggy Dulany, 1989–1994 – Quaternary child of David Rockefeller; founder and president of Synergos.[75]
  • John Foster Dulles 1935–1952 (chairman) – United states Secretarial assistant of State, 1953–1959; senior partner, Sullivan & Cromwell constabulary house.[77]
  • Charles William Eliot 1914–1917 – president of Harvard, 1869–1909.
  • John Robert Evans 1982 -1996 (chairman) – president of the University of Toronto 1972–1978; founding director of the Population, Health and Nutrition Department of the World Bank[78]
  • Ann M. Fudge, 2006–2015, onetime chairman and CEO, Young & Rubicam Brands, New York
  • Frederick Taylor Gates 1913–1923 – John D. Rockefeller Sr.'s principal counselor.
  • Helene D. Gayle, 20010–2019, president and CEO of Care.
  • Stephen Jay Gould 1993–2002 – writer; professor and curator, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University.
  • Rajat Gupta, 2006–eleven, sometime manager, Goldman Sachs, Procter & Take a chance, AMR Corporation; Special Advisor to the UN Secretarial assistant-General; sometime managing managing director, McKinsey & Company.
  • Wallace Harrison 1951–1961 – Rockefeller family unit architect; atomic number 82 architect for the Un Headquarters complex.
  • Thomas J. Healey, 2003–2012, partner, Healey Development LLC; educational activity course at Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Regime; formerly with Goldman Sachs and an Assistant Secretary of the U.S. Treasury.
  • Alice S. Huang, senior faculty acquaintance, California Found of Engineering.
  • Charles Evans Hughes 1917–1921; 1925–1928 – Chief Justice of the United states of america, 1930–1941.
  • Robert A. Lovett 1949–1961 – United states of america Secretarial assistant of Defense, 1951–1953.
  • Monica Lozano, 2012–2018, CEO, ImpreMedia, LLC
  • Yo-Yo Ma 1999–2002 – cellist.
  • Strive Masiyiwa, 2003–2018, Zimbabwe a man of affairs and cellphone pioneer, founding Econet Wireless.
  • Jessica T. Mathews, president, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Washington, D.C.
  • John J. McCloy chairman: 1946–1949; 1953–1958 – prominent US presidential advisor; chairman of the Ford Foundation, 1958–1965; chairman of the quango on Foreign Relations.
  • Pecker Moyers 1969–1981 – journalist.
  • Diana Natalicio, 2004–2014, president, The University of Texas at El Paso
  • Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, 2009–2018, Finance Minister of Nigeria; erstwhile managing director of the Globe Bank; quondam Foreign Government minister of Nigeria.
  • Sandra Day O'Connor, 2006–2013, associate justice, retired, Supreme Court of the U.s.
  • James F. Orr, Three, (board chair), president and chief executive officeholder, LandingPoint Uppercase, Boston, Massachusetts.
  • Richard Parsons, 2007–2021, chairman of the board, Citigroup Inc.
  • Surin Pitsuwan, 2010–2012, secretarial assistant full general of ASEAN (2007–2012)[79] and Thai political leader.
  • Mamphela Ramphele, chairperson, Circle Capital Ventures, Cape Town, South Africa.
  • David Rockefeller Jr., 2006–2016, chair of foundation board Dec. 2010- ; vice-chairman of Rockefeller Family & Assembly; director and onetime chair, Rockefeller & Co., Inc.; current trustee of the Museum of Modern Art.
  • John D. Rockefeller 1913–1923.
  • John D. Rockefeller Jr. chairman: 1917–1939.
  • John D. Rockefeller III chairman: 1952–1972.
  • John D. Rockefeller IV 1976–81.
  • Judith Rodin, president of the foundation (2005-2016); ex-officio fellow member of the board
  • Julius Rosenwald 1917–1931 – chairman of Sears Roebuck, 1932–1939.
  • John Rowe M.D., 2007–2019, professor at the Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health; former chairman and CEO of Aetna Inc.
  • Dean Rusk 1950–1961 – US Secretarial assistant of Land, 1961–1969.
  • Raymond Westward. Smith, chairman, Rothschild, Inc., New York; chairman of Arlington Uppercase Partners; chairman of Verizon Ventures; and a trustee of the Carnegie Corporation of New York.
  • Frank Stanton 1961–1966? – president of CBS, 1946–1971.
  • Arthur Hays Sulzberger 1939–1957 – publisher of The New York Times, 1935–1961.
  • Paul Volcker 1975–1979 – chairman, lath of governors, Federal Reserve Lath; president, New York Federal Reserve Depository financial institution.
  • Thomas J. Watson Jr. 1963–1970?[lxxx] – president of IBM, 1952–1971.
  • James Wolfensohn – former president of the World Bank.
  • George D. Woods 1961–1967? – president of the Globe Banking company, 1963–1968.
  • Võ Tòng Xuân, 2002–2010, vice president for academic diplomacy, Tan Tao University, Ho Chi Minh City; former rector of An Giang University, the second academy in Vietnam'south Mekong Delta.
  • Owen D. Young 1928–1939 – chairman of GE, 1922–1939, 1942–1945.

Scandal [edit]

Bristol-Myers Squibb, Johns Hopkins Academy and the Rockefeller Foundation are currently the subject of a $1 billion lawsuit from Guatemala for "roles in a 1940s U.South. government experiment that infected hundreds of Guatemalans with syphilis".[81] A previous suit against the Us government was dismissed in 2011 for the Guatemala syphilis experiments when a estimate adamant that the U.S. government could not be held liable for deportment committed exterior of the U.S.[82]

Presidents [edit]

  • John D. Rockefeller, Jr. – eleven Feb 1913 – half dozen November 1917
  • George E. Vincent – 6 November 1917 – 20 September 1929; member of the John D. Rockefeller/Frederick T. Gates General Education Board (1914–1929)[83]
  • Max Mason – xx September 1929 – xxx May 1936
  • Raymond B. Fosdick – 30 May 1936 – 22 Baronial 1948; brother of American clergyman Harry Emerson Fosdick
  • Chester Barnard – 22 August 1948 – 17 July 1952; Bong Organization executive and writer of landmark 1938 book, The Functions of the Executive
  • Dean Rusk – 17 July 1952 – xix January 1961; Us Secretary of State from 1961 to 1969
  • J. George Harrar – 20 January 1961 – 3 October 1972; plant pathologist, "mostly regarded every bit the father of 'the Dark-green Revolution.'"[84]
  • John Hilton Knowles – 3 October 1972 – 31 December 1979; doctor, full general managing director of the Massachusetts General Infirmary (1962–1971).[85]
  • Richard Lyman – 1 January 1980 – eleven Jan 1988; president of Stanford University (1970–1980).
  • Peter Goldmark, Jr. – xi Jan 1988 – 31 December 1997; old executive managing director of the Port Dominance of New York and New Jersey.[86]
  • Gordon Conway – ane January 1998 – 31 December 2004; an agricultural ecologist and onetime president of the Royal Geographical Lodge.
  • Judith Rodin - i January 2005 – 1 March 2017; former president of the University of Pennsylvania, and provost, chair of the Department of Psychology, Yale University.
  • Rajiv Shah - 1 March 2017 -, distinguished swain in residence, Georgetown University; previously administrator of the U.s.a. Agency for International Development (USAID) from 2010 to 2015.

See as well [edit]

  • Asia Society
  • Association Internationale Africaine
  • CGIAR
  • Eugenics in the U.s.a.
  • Industrial relations
  • Philanthropy
  • Philanthropy in the United states
  • Rockefeller Brothers Fund
  • Rockefeller family
  • Social sciences

References [edit]

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  7. ^ "Rockefeller Foundation | Development Co-operation Profiles – Rockefeller Foundation | OECD iLibrary". www.oecd-ilibrary.org . Retrieved 2021-05-11 .
  8. ^ "A former USAID ambassador becomes the thirteenth president of the Rockefeller Foundation – Ventures Africa". Ventures Africa. 2017-01-10. Retrieved 2018-01-03 .
  9. ^ Gelles, David, "Rockefeller Foundation Picks Rajiv J. Shah, a Trustee, equally President", The New York Times, January 4, 2017. Retrieve 2017-01-04.
  10. ^ "The Rockefeller Foundation Names Dr. Rajiv J. Shah, Quondam USAID Administrator, as Side by side President – The Rockefeller Foundation". The Rockefeller Foundation . Retrieved 2017-01-06 .
  11. ^ Ramachandran, Shalini, "Judith Rodin Steps Down every bit Head of Rockefeller Foundation" (subscription), The Wall Street Periodical, June 15, 2016. Retrieved 2017-01-07.
  12. ^ "Judith Rodin, Rockefeller Foundation CEO: 'Civilisation Eats Strategy for Lunch'". Forbes . Retrieved eleven March 2013.
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  53. ^ "You've probably never heard of CGIAR, but they are essential to feeding our future". gatesnotes.com . Retrieved 2020-05-18 .
  54. ^ "العاب فلاش برق". world wide web.biotech-info.cyberspace.
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  64. ^ "100 Resilient Cities relaunches as an independent network". Cities Today. seven February 2020. Retrieved thirty March 2021.
  65. ^ "Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts". www.aboutlincolncenter.org . Retrieved 2017-11-09 .
  66. ^ a b "Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts in Partnership with The Rockefeller Foundation Announces Inaugural Grantees of Lincoln Center Cultural Innovation Fund – The Rockefeller Foundation". The Rockefeller Foundation . Retrieved 2017-11-09 .
  67. ^ "Lincoln Centre Cultural Innovation Fund Awards Innovation Fund Grants". Philanthropy News Digest (PND) . Retrieved 2017-11-09 .
  68. ^ Share portfolio – run across Waldemar Nielsen The Big Foundations, New York: Columbia University Printing, 1972. (p.72)
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  71. ^ Egan, Matt (Dec 18, 2020). "Exclusive: A $v billion foundation literally founded on oil money is saying adieu to fossil fuels". CNN.com . Retrieved Dec 20, 2020.
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  73. ^ "Global Forum on Human Development" (1999). As model for Un organizations, pp.64-5.
  74. ^ [one], foundation webpage plus associated bio pages on members. Retrieved 2020-07-27.
  75. ^ a b "Rockefeller Foundation Elects five", "The New York Times" 28, May 1989. Retrieved on 4 January 2019.
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  86. ^ Teltsch, Kathleen, "Rockefeller Foundation Selects a New President", The New York Times, May 8, 1988. Goldmark was son of Peter Carl Goldmark. See Blumenthal, Ralph, "Remembering the Travel Scandal at the Port Authority", The New York Times Metropolis Room blog, June 24, 2008. Both retrieved 2011-01-09.

Bibliography [edit]

  • Berman, Edward H. The Credo of Philanthropy: The influence of the Carnegie, Ford, and Rockefeller foundations on American foreign policy, New York: Land University of New York Printing, 1983.
  • Chocolate-brown, E. Richard, Rockefeller Medicine Men: Medicine and Capitalism in America, Berkeley: Academy of California Press, 1979.
  • Chernow, Ron, Titan: The Life of John D. Rockefeller, Sr., London: Warner Books, 1998.
  • Dowie, Mark, American Foundations: An Investigative History, Boston: The MIT Printing, 2001.
  • Farley, John. To Cast Out Disease: A History of the International Health Division of the Rockefeller Foundation (1913–1951) (2005)
  • Fisher, Donald, Primal Evolution of the Social Sciences: Rockefeller Philanthropy and the United States Social Science Enquiry Council, Michigan: Academy of Michigan Press, 1993.
  • Fosdick, Raymond B., John D. Rockefeller, Jr., A Portrait, New York: Harper & Brothers, 1956.
  • Fosdick, Raymond B., The Story of the Rockefeller Foundation, New York: Transaction Publishers, Reprint, 1989.
  • Harr, John Ensor, and Peter J. Johnson. The Rockefeller Century: 3 Generations of America'due south Greatest Family. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1988.
  • Harr, John Ensor, and Peter J. Johnson. The Rockefeller Conscience: An American Family in Public and in Private, New York: Charles Scribner'southward Sons, 1991.
  • Jonas, Gerald. The Circuit Riders: Rockefeller Coin and the Rise of Modern Science. New York: W.Westward. Norton and Co., 1989.
  • Kay, Lily, The Molecular Vision of Life: Caltech, the Rockefeller Foundation, and the Ascent of the New Biology, New York: Oxford University Printing, 1993.
  • Lawrence, Christopher. Rockefeller Money, the Laboratory and Medicine in Edinburgh 1919–1930: New Science in an Old Country, Rochester Studies in Medical History, Academy of Rochester Printing, 2005.
  • Nielsen, Waldemar, The Big Foundations, New York: Cambridge University Printing, 1973.
  • Nielsen, Waldemar A., The Gold Donors, Eastward. P. Dutton, 1985. Chosen Foundation "unimaginative ... lacking leadership and 'slouching toward senility.'"
  • Palmer, Steven, Launching Global Health: The Caribbean area Odyssey of the Rockefeller Foundation, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Printing, 2010.
  • Rockefeller, David, Memoirs, New York: Random Firm, 2002.
  • Shaplen, Robert, Toward the Well-Being of Mankind: Fifty Years of the Rockefeller Foundation, New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1964.
  • Theiler, Max and Downs, W. G., The Arthropod-Borne Viruses of Vertebrates: An Account of The Rockefeller Foundation Virus Programme, 1951–1970. (1973) Yale University Press. New Haven and London. ISBN 0-300-01508-9.
  • Tournès, Ludovic. "American membership of the League of Nations: U.s.a. philanthropy and the transformation of an intergovernmental organisation into a think tank." International Politics 55.half-dozen (2018): 852–869.
  • Uy, Michael Sy. Ask the Experts: How Ford, Rockefeller, and the NEA Changed American Music, (Oxford University Printing, 2020) 270pp.
  • Rockefeller Foundation 990

Further reading [edit]

  • CFR Website – Continuing the Inquiry: The Quango on Foreign Relations from 1921 to 1996 The history of the quango by Peter Grose, a quango member – mentions fiscal support from the Rockefeller foundation.
  • Interview with Norman Dodd An investigation of a subconscious agenda within taxation-free foundations, including the Rockefeller Foundation (Video).
  • Foundation Center: Top 50 The states Foundations by full giving
  • New York Times: Rockefeller Foundation Elects 5 – Including Alan Alda and Peggy Dulany
  • SFGate.com: "Eugenics and the Nazis: the California Connection"
  • Press for Conversion! magazine, Consequence # 53: "Facing the Corporate Roots of American Fascism," Bryan Sanders, Coalition to Oppose the Arms Trade, March 2004

External links [edit]

  • Media related to Rockefeller Foundation at Wikimedia Eatables
  • Rockefeller Foundation website, including a timeline
  • Hookworm and malaria research in Malaya, Java, and the Republic of the fiji islands Islands; written report of Uncinariasis committee to the Orient, 1915–1917 The Rockefeller foundation, International wellness board. New York 1920

Coordinates: 40°45′03″N 73°59′00″W  /  forty.75083°Due north 73.98333°Westward  / xl.75083; -73.98333

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockefeller_Foundation

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